If the base of skull is superimposed over the upper aspect of the dens, the head needs to be hyperflexed or in the case of trauma, the central ray should be angled caudally. If teeth are superimposed over the upper aspect of the dens, the head needs to be hyperextended or in the case of trauma, the central ray should be angled cephalic. Positional errors Teeth superimposing the dens The anatomical orientation of C01 and C12 joints, constrained by a unique array of ligaments, originates the most mobile segment of the all spine. make sure that any removable artifacts such as earrings, glasses or metal dentures are removed to avoid obscuring the anatomy of interest This online presentation reviews a variety of cervical spine entities, with case examples and illustrations to clarify concepts, and discusses differential considerations and potential diagnostic pitfalls. The upper cervical spine, including C0C1C2, is a unique anatomical and functional unit.the zygapophyseal joint space between C1 and C2 is symmetrical.The PICL procedure is a novel non-surgical treatment for CCI utilizing a patient’s own stem cells that. the dens is free from superimposition of the adjacent atlas lateral masses or other tissues 2 The 7 criteria used in diagnosing craniocervical instability include the mechanism of injury, symptoms, findings on physical examination, radiographic studies, response to conservative care and diagnostic injections, and level of disability.superior-inferior to include the upper incisors and lower incisors.angle accordingly see 'patient positioning' In the lumbar spine, the greatest flexion and extension occur between L4-L5, the greatest lateral flexion between L2-元, and the greatest axial rotation occurs.the central ray is centered at the center of the open mouth.A retrospective descriptive study was carried out between. do not move the head in trauma, angle the central accordingly Dynamic (flexion-extension) views of the cervical spine may aid in the identification of such injury.the head should be positioned so the lower margin of the upper incisors and the base of the skull are perpendicular to the image receptor. at the last instant, the patient is instructed to open their mouth as wide as possible.patient’s shoulders should be at equal distances from the image receptor to avoid rotation, the head facing straight forward. Cervical Spine X-Ray: Flexion & Extension Views (purpose, contraindications) PURPOSE: - Ordered 7-10 days after injury when spine is less tender - Used to determine the integrity of supporting soft tissues & ligaments (i.e., evaluates for +/- ligamentous instability ) CONTRAINDICATIONS: 1.
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